Performance Back-deduction from a Loading to Flow Coefficient Map: Application to Radial Turbine

Radial turbine stages are often used for applications requiring off-design operation, as turbocharging for instance. The off-design ability of such stages is commonly analyzed through the traditional turbine map, plotting the reduced mass-flow against the pressure-ratio, for reduced-speed lines. However, some alternatives are possible, such as the flow-coefficient (Ψ ) to loading-coefficient (φ) diagram where the pressure-ratio lines are actually straight lines, very convenient property to perform prediction. A robust method re-creating this map from a predicted Ψ−φ diagram is needed. Recent work has shown that this back-deduction quality, without the use of any loss models, depends on the knowledge of an intermediate pressure-ratio. A modelization of this parameter is then proposed. The comparison with both experimental and CFD results is presented, with quite good agreement for mass flow rate and rotational speed, and for the intermediate pressure ratio. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the application of the intermediate pressure-ratio knowledge to the improvement of the deduction of the pressure ratio lines in the Ψ−φ diagram. Beside this improvement, the back-deduction method of the classical map is structured, applied and evaluated

Alien Registration- Carbonneau, Marie A. (Lewiston, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/29783/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Carbonneau, Louis A. (Lewiston, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/29782/thumbnail.jp

A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide.

resumo Este estudo refere-se em primeiro lugar, a metodologia para descrever o clima de vinhedos, em uma escala de macroclimate regiões vitícolas em todo o mundo. Três índices climáticos vitícolas sintéticos e complementares (potencial balanço hídrico do solo ao longo do ciclo de crescimento, condições heliothermal sobre a crescente temperatura do ciclo e de noite durante a maturação), são utilizados, validados como descritores: (1) índice de secura (DI), que corresponde a o balanço hídrico potencial do solo do índice de Riou, aqui adaptado usando condições precisas para calculá-lo, como um indicador do nível de presença-ausência de secura; (2) índice de heliothermal (HI) que corresponde ao índice de heliothermal Huglin; (3) índice noite fresca (CI) um índice desenvolvido como um indicador das condições de temperatura durante a noite de maturação. Estes índices são representativos da variabilidade do clima vitícola em todo o mundo, relacionada com os requisitos de qualidade, variedades vindima (açúcar, cor, aroma) e typeness dos vinhos. A multicritério Sistema de Classificação Climática (Geovitícola MCC System) para as regiões produtoras de uvas em todo o mundo é formulada com base em classes para cada um dos três índices climáticos, com elementos para explicar os resultados. Três conceitos formulados fornecem a base do sistema: o clima vitícola, grupo climático e clima vitícola com a variabilidade intra-anual (para regiões quentes com mais de uma safra por ano, em condições climáticas naturais). A aplicação do Geovitícola multicritério Sistema de Classificação Climática é apresentado para 97 regiões vitícolas em 29 países. O sistema é uma ferramenta de pesquisa para a uva-crescimento e zoneamento vitivinícola. Ele também permite o trabalho em diferentes níveis da escala, em escala mundial ou maior - a região cultivo de uvas grandes, a região cultivo de uvas pequenas, como mostram os estudos realizados. Ele permite relacionar o clima vitícola para os elementos de qualidade da uva e do typeness dos vinhos considerando a zona climática. Abstract This study concerns firstly the methodology to describe the climate of vineyards, on a macroclimate scale of viticultural regions worldwide. Three synthetic and complementary viticultural climatic indices (potential water balance of the soil over the growing cycle, heliothermal conditions over the growing cycle and night temperature during maturation), validated as descriptors, are used: (1) dryness index (DI) which corresponds to the potential water balance of the soil of Riou?s index, here adapted using precise conditions to calculate it, as an indicator of the level of presence-absence of dryness; (2) heliothermal index (HI) which corresponds to Huglin?s heliothermal index; (3) cool night index (CI) an index developed as an indicator of night temperature conditions during maturation. These indices are representative of the variability of the viticultural climate worldwide, related to the requirements of varieties, vintage quality (sugar, colour, aroma), and typeness of the wines. A Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (Géoviticulture MCC System) for the grape-growing regions worldwide is formulated based on classes for each of the three climate indices, with elements to explain the results. Three formulated concepts provide the system base: viticultural climate, climatic group and viticultural climate with intra-annual variability (for warm regions with more than one harvest a year in natural climate conditions). The application of the Géoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System is presented for 97 grape-growing regions in 29 countries. The system is a research tool for grape-growing and wine-making zoning. It also enables work at different levels on the scale, on a world-wide scale or larger ? the large grape-growing region, the small grape-growing region, as shown by the studies performed. It allows relating the viticultural climate to the elements of grape quality and the typeness of the wines considering the climatic zone

Influence of water deficits on grape berry growth

The effects of early and late water deficits on pericarp cell division and enlargement of Syrah berries (Vitis vinifera L.) was determined by DNA extraction and quantification. Different periods and different levels of water deficit were applied between anthesis and maturity to grapevines growing under controlled water supply in two consecutive years. DNA extraction profiles showed that water deficit did not affect cell division. Reduction of berry size and berry weight was caused exclusively by a decrease of pericarp volume, independent of the intensity of the water deficit or the stage of berry development. Decreased cell volume as a result of an early water deficit from flowering to veraison was irreversible. These results support the hypothesis that early water deficits modify the structural properties of the cell components and consequently cell wall extensibility, thereby limiting the subsequent enlargement of pericarp cells.

Effect of Berry Weight and its Components on the Contents of Sugars and Anthocyanins of Three Varieties of Vitis vinifera L. under Different Water Supply Conditions

The influence of berry size on wine quality is a matter of debate. With the aim to contribute to that debate,a study of the influence of the varieties Tannat, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon on berry weight, onberry components (flesh, seeds and skin) and on the varieties’ oenological potential under different watersupply conditions was carried out in Uruguay between 2001 and 2004. Replicated samples of 250 berriesper vineyard were gathered at technological maturity at harvest. Berry weight and volume, weight ratioamong each of the components and anthocyanin potential (ApH1 ) were measured and a basic analysis ofthe must was carried out. The vine water status was established through the measurement of pre-dawnleaf water potential. The tests showed that berry weight and sugar content were positively correlated anddepended on variety, as was evident from the proportions of the berry components. Flesh weight wasthe most important determinant of berry weight, and flesh weight changed with the weight of the seeds.Larger values of these two components explained the heavier berries of the Tannat variety. On the otherhand, Tannat berries had higher contents and concentrations of anthocyanins and sugars, and displayedthe largest variation in these chemical compounds. Berry weight, weight and proportion of skin or theirrelationships did not determine anthocyanin contents or concentration. In response to the years’ waterconditions, different varieties showed different behaviours, explaining the variation in weight and in thecomposition of the berries

Alligator Diet in Relation to Alligator Mortality on Lake Griffin, FL

Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligators) demonstrated low hatchrate success and increased adult mortality on Lake Griffin, FL, between 1998 and 2003. Dying Lake Griffin alligators with symptoms of poor motor coordination were reported to show specific neurological impairment and brain lesions. Similar lesions were documented in salmonines that consumed clupeids with high thiaminase levels. Therefore, we investigated the diet of Lake Griffin alligators and compared it with alligator diets from two lakes that exhibited relatively low levels of unexplained alligator mortality to see if consumption of Dorosoma cepedianum (gizzard shad) could be correlated with patterns of mortality. Shad in both lakes Griffin and Apopka had high levels of thiaminase and Lake Apopka alligators were consuming greater amounts of shad relative to Lake Griffin without showing mortality rates similar to Lake Griffin alligators. Therefore, a relationship between shad consumption alone and alligator mortality is not supported

Canopy structure and radiation regime in grapevine. 1. Spatial and angular distribution of leaf area in two canopy systems

Grapevine canopies are discontinuous and spatially heterogeneous. Thus, their geometrical structure is difficult to characterize. A method based on a three-dimensional discretion of the volume occupied by foliage elements was used to assess spatial and angular distribution of leaf area. The method was applied to two canopy systems (Open Lyre and Geneva Double Curtain) exhibiting different vigor levels. Leaf area density (LAD, m2·m-3), leaf inclination and leaf azimuth distributions were presented for the canopy systems, as are the distributions of lateral shoot leaves within the canopy. An attempt was made to determine the consequences of the canopy system on the grapevine canopy structure. The canopy structure parameters determined in this study were used in a companion paper as input parameters for a radiation model to describe the grapevine light microclimate

Canopy structure and radiation regime in grapevine. 2. Modeling radiation interception and distribution inside the canopy

A 3D version of the radiation model of SINOQUET and BONHOMME (1992) was used to simulate the light microclimate of grapevine. It was tested against measurements of radiation interception and distribution within two canopy systems (Open Lyre and Geneva Double Curtain) exhibiting different vigor levels. The agreement between the model and the measurements was generally good. Discrepancies may have arisen from incorrect assumptions concerning leaf azimuth distribution and leaf dispersion as well as a lack of accuracy in the description of the distribution of leaf area density inside the canopy. The model also permitted to assess light partitioning between main and lateral shoot leaves which can influence global canopy photosynthesis and berry ripening. As an example of application, the model was used to evaluate the consequences of lateral leaf removing on the interception efficiency of the canopy and the light environment of the fruit zone. The possible use of a geometrical approach to simulate the radiation interception at the canopy scale was also discussed

Salicylic acid treatment of grape berries retards ripening

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